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如何学编程?

编程是编定程序的中文简称,就是让计算机代码解决某个问题,对某个计算体系规定一定的运算方式,使计算体系按照该计算方式运行,并最终得到相应结果的过程。编程能提高逻辑思维能力,加强计算能力。

编程语言

Python

Python是一种面向对象有着代码简洁、可读性强特点的解释型计算机程序设计语言。代码简洁是因为它把许多的复杂的操作封装起来,将C语言中麻烦的指针和内存管理对开发者隐藏起来,使得在开发过程中,无须在意这部分的细节。另外Python这门语言强制用户用缩进进行排版,若不好好排版,则代码编译无法通过,或者运行过程会出现错误。

C语言

C语言是一门面向过程的、抽象化的广泛应用于底层开发的通用程序设计语言,能以简易的方式编译和处理低级存储器。C语言既具有高级语言的特点,又具有汇编语言的特点,是仅产生少量机器语言以及不需要任何运行环境支持便能运行的高效率程序设计语言。

是有简洁的语言、具有结构化的控制语句、丰富的数据类型、丰富的运算符、可对物理地址进行直接操作、代码具有较好的可移植性、可生成高质量、目标代码执行效率高的程序。

Java

Java通过面向作为静态对象的编程语言的代表,可以充分的实现面向的对象理论的编程语言,有简单性、功能强大、分布式、健壮性、安全性、平台独立与可移植性、多线程及动态性的特点。

Java支持在网络上应用,Java既支持各种层次的网络连接,又以Socket类支持可靠的流(stream)网络连接,它是分布式语言。所以用户可以产生分布式的客户机和服务器。网络变成软件应用的分布运载工具。Java程序只要编写一次,就可到处运行。

PHP

PHP是一种被广泛应用的开放源代码的多用途脚本语言,它可嵌入到 HTML中,尤其适合 web 开发。

使用 PHP 的最大的好处是它对于初学者来说极其简单,同时也给专业的程序员提供了各种高级的特性,只需几个小时就可以自己写一些简单的脚本。尽管 PHP 的开发是以服务端脚本为目的,但事实上其功能远不局限于此。

GO

Go语言(又称 Golang)是一种静态强类型、编译型语言,是一个开源编程环境,可以轻松构建简单、可靠和高效的软件。Go 语言语法与 C 相近,但功能上有:内存安全,GC(垃圾回收),结构形态及 CSP-style 并发计算。Go 内嵌了关联数组(也称为哈希表(Hashes)或字典(Dictionaries)),就像字符串类型一样。

对比

python和c语言的区别主要体现在:语言类型、内存管理、速度、应用、运行、对象、声明、测试和调试难度、复杂度、学习程度。 测试和调试难度不同:Python相对其他语言而言是非常简单的语言,高度集成,代码量少。Python中的测试和调试更容易;C中测试和调试更难。 学习难度不同:Python:Python程序更易于学习,编写和阅读;C语言:C程序语法比Python更难。

python 跟 java 一样是强类型语言,也就是说它不会根据环境变化自动改变数据类型。python 是动态语言,而 java 是静态语言。也就是说 python 在编程时,永远不用给任何变量指定数据类型,而 java 写程序时必须声明所有变量的数据类型。

python 的模块类似于 java 的 class,不过python模块导入会执行 代码的内容,而 java 不会。python 与 java 的执行方式还是蛮像的,都是将源码编译成 byte code 然后交给相应的虚拟机去执行。

Python的框架数量较少,而PHP中成熟的框架比较多;PHP是面向web的语言,而Python是多用途语言,也可以用于web开发;Python使用非常严格的缩进强制执行,使它比PHP更具可读性。

学习思路

认识编程

编程语言(programming language)又称程序设计语言,是一组用特定语言编写的用于执行特定任务的指令。主要用于开发桌面应用、操作系统、网站、移动应用等。

低级编程语言

它基于二进制数 0 和 1 工作,处理器直接运行低级程序,不需要编译器或解释器,因此用低级语言编写的程序可以运行得非常快。

低级语言进一步分为两部分

机器语言

机器语言也称为机器代码或目标代码,更容易阅读,因为它通常以二进制或十六进制形式(基数 16)形式显示。

它不需要翻译器来转换程序,因为计算机直接理解机器语言程序。

汇编语言

汇编语言是为特定处理器设计的,它以象征性和人类可理解的形式表示一组指令。它使用汇编程序将汇编语言转换为机器语言。

中级编程语言

中级编程语言介于低级编程语言和高级编程语言之间。

它也被称为中间程序语言和伪语言。

中级编程语言的优点是支持高级编程的特性,是一种用户友好的语言,与机器语言和人类语言密切相关。

例如:C、C++

高级编程语言

高级编程语言 (HLL) 旨在开发用户友好的软件程序和网站。

这种编程语言需要编译器或解释器将程序翻译成机器语言(执行程序)。

示例:Python、Java、JavaScript、PHP、C#、C++ 等。

编程实践

学习编程语言的过程简单描述为:过、抄、仿、改、调、看、练、创、悟。

基础知识点不求深解,语言什么样的,适用场合、基本语法格式

抄代码

从书上抄、例子中抄、边抄边想边想边回忆语法

模仿改

仿照给出的代码写出自己的代码

勤调试

不断调试验证自己想法,继续思考,再次验证。熟悉调试工具调试方法

看n遍

出错或者遇到问题时,将代码从头到尾看n遍直到快记住,找出问题原因

2-5步三遍以上

创新

拿出一个没有写过的根据要求,一步一步写出来,写不出来参考6

主动找到写代码的感觉和成就感,保持下去。

选择大于努力,只有切入一个适合自己的开发方向,才能持续进步。关于开发方向,我有以下两个选择标准。

兴趣

学习编程是一个非常枯燥的过程,内容多,时间长,成本高,即使报名了培训班也学不会,所以,我们首先要选择自己感兴趣的一个开发方向,这样不但能快速学习,以后还能持续进步。学习编程的过程是比较艰苦的,没有兴趣很难硬抗下来,此处的兴趣,是指别人无法撼动的热爱,是工作之余让你放松的事情。如果你只是有过某种想法,别人告诉你这个想法不靠谱,你就放弃了,这顶多是一时的鸡血。

学习方式

费曼学习法

在学完一个东西之后去给别人讲明白,注意是讲给别人听,当你写成文章发表在网上的时候,你自然会去用更通俗的语言,更清晰的逻辑去讲述这个事物背后的逻辑。这个过程是对自己学习的一个检验,也是加深映像整理思路的重要过程。

那么如果你是去记笔记的话,很有可能你会倾向于去照抄,或是不完全照抄,以“提纲”或是“知识点”的形式抄在本子上。说句实话,照抄的笔记真的没用,因为现在搜索引擎的能力已经可以让你把大多数东西快速找到,你为什么还要照抄到笔记本上呢?

从功利的角度考虑,技术文章的写作,别人可以直接访问,也可以逐渐累积你的影响力,一个好的个人技术博客,会给你的简历加分很多,而一个厚厚的笔记本,没有人会管你记了什么。

做好笔记

大多数人没有过目不忘的神技,学了也不一定马上掌握,需要过后花时间慢慢领悟,而且还有忘掉的风险,所以对于重要的知识点都要做好笔记。编程的过程中总会遇到各种各样的问题,比如编程环境的配置,常用的快捷键,编程过程中的错误、异常,软件更新问题等等。面对这些问题都是如何解决的,一定要记录下来,一是增加自己解决问题的经验,而是以防下次出现。

多看官方文档

外文资料互联网是一个更新迭代很快的行业,所有编程语言都会不断的更新新功能和修复旧Bug,网上查的资料很有可能是旧的解决方案,现在已经不适用了。所以最好最快的方法就是查看官方文档。

进入行业圈子

只有进入行业圈子与其他人交流,你才了解最新的行业动态,才知道自己需要更新哪些技能。

动手做项目

学习编程的最终目的就是用所学的做出具有一定功能的项目,而做项目又是最好的学习和巩固知识的方式。如果前期能力不足就先做一些简单的功能模块,一步一步慢慢来,不要一开始就要实现各种酷炫炸天功能,遇到不会的就在网上查, 现在互联网这么发达,获取资源也及其方便。而且开发前也最好在网上查一下有没有已经成型的框架或模板,什么都自己做一是很耗费时间,二是自己技术能力不足还可能留下不少坑。

学习Python

安装编程环境

第一步:访问Python官网,获取最新安装程序。

第二步:运行下载的安装程序,注意勾选“Add Python3.7 to PATH”,然后选择个性化安装,即“Customize installation”。

第三步:确保“pip”被勾选上,之后安装各种库需要用到pip。

第四步:高级选项,需要的可以修改安装目录,通常没有需要修改的,直接点“Install”。

第五步:等待程序自动安装完成。

第六步:出现如下界面,说明安装已完成。

第七步:验证方法,Windows+R 键打开“运行”窗口,输入cmd运行,进入命令提示窗口,再输入python,进入Python的命令模式,输入 print("Hello"),结果输出了 Hello,如下图所示,确定开发环境已安装完成。

运行环境

Hello World!

命令行

在Linux命令行输入:$python

将直接进入python。然后在命令行提示符>>>后面输入:>>>print('Hello World!')

可以看到,随后在屏幕上输出:

Hello World!

print是一个常用函数,其功能就是输出括号中得字符串。

(在Python 2.x中,print还可以是一个关键字,可写成print 'Hello World!',但这在3.x中行不通 )

小程序

另一个使用Python的方法,是写一个Python程序。用文本编辑器写一个.py结尾的文件,比如说hello.py

在hello.py中写入如下,并保存:print('Hello World!')

退出文本编辑器,然后在命令行输入:$python hello.py

来运行hello.py。可以看到Python随后输出Hello World!

脚本

我们还可以把Python程序hello.py改成一个可执行的脚本,直接执行:#!/usr/bin/env python

print('Hello World!')

需要修改上面程序的权限为可执行:chmod 755 hello.py

然后再命令行中,输入./hello.py

就可以直接运行了。

基本数据类型

变量不声明

Python的变量不需要声明,你可以直接输入:>>>a = 10

那么你的内存里就有了一个变量a, 它的值是10,它的类型是integer (整数)。 在此之前你不需要做什么特别的声明,而数据类型是Python自动决定的。

>>>print(a)

>>>print(type(a))

那么会有如下输出:

10

这里,我们学到一个内置函数type(),用以查询变量的类型。

回收变量名

如果你想让a存储不同的数据,你不需要删除原有变量就可以直接赋值。

>>>a = 1.3

>>>print(a,type(a))

会有如下输出

1.3

序列

sequence(序列)是一组有顺序的元素的集合,(严格的说,是对象的集合,但鉴于我们还没有引入“对象”概念,暂时说元素)序列可以包含一个或多个元素,也可以没有任何元素。

我们之前所说的基本数据类型,都可以作为序列的元素。元素还可以是另一个序列,以及我们以后要介绍的其他对象。

序列有两种:tuple(定值表; 也有翻译为元组) 和 list (表)

>>>s1 = (2, 1.3, 'love', 5.6, 9, 12, False) # s1是一个tuple

>>>s2 = [True, 5, 'smile'] # s2是一个list

>>>print(s1,type(s1))

>>>print(s2,type(s2))

tuple和list的主要区别在于,一旦建立,tuple的各个元素不可再变更,而list的各个元素可以再变更。

一个序列作为另一个序列的元素

>>>s3 = [1,[3,4,5]]

空序列

>>>s4 = []

自学

网站

菜鸟网站

这个python教程很适合小白学习,没有高深的原理,照着教程学就完事了。

菜鸟教程是一个提供免费编程学习的网站,里面不但能学到编程知识,还能运用在线编程工具,使你在学习的过程中得到发挥,实践得真理,边学边做中让基础打得更稳,让自己的知识更加稳固。在自己有不明白不理解的地方可以在网站的用户笔记中寻找大佬们的笔记,把自己所学和技术大佬的经验所融合,使自己更好地提升自己的能力。

菜鸟教程内容丰富,例如前端热门语言HTML5、CSS3、JavaScript、Vue等它该有的都有,都会从最基础的开始教,让刚学编程的小白由浅及深,一看就懂。每个知识点都有实例可以动手,直接在页面内做你想要的效果真的非常棒。菜鸟的排版简洁清晰有序,内容一针见血,让你一看就能明白其知识点的含义。

菜鸟教程不仅前端教程语言丰富,后端的Java、PHP、Python更是一应俱全,当然数据库、移动端、XML、ASP.NET、Web Service、开发工具和网站建设也是应有尽有,菜鸟教程有学到的知识如此之多,奋斗吧少年。

廖雪峰的官方网站

廖雪峰的官方网站比较推荐新手程序员学习前端,这个网站的教学视频的讲解相对来说会比较生动,没有其他教程那么死板,看起来也不至于那么犯困,也更便于新手去理解。总的来说,廖雪峰的官方网站作为一款启蒙类的前端学习网站还是相当不错的。

Python官方教程

这是Python官方出品的教程,可搭配Python标准库一起学。

书籍

《Python编程从入门到实践(第2版)》

作者:埃里克·马瑟斯 (EricMatthes)袁国忠 译

ISBN:81

出版:人民邮电出版社

本书是针对所有层次Python读者而作的Python门书。全书分两部分:部分介绍用Python编程所必须了解的基本概念,包括强大的Python库和工具,以及列表、字典、if语句、类、文件与异常、代码测试等内容;第二部分将理论付诸实践,讲解如何发三个项目,包括简单的2D游戏、利用数据生成交互式的信息图以及创建和定制简单的Web应用,并帮助读者解决常见编程问题和困惑。

《像计算机科学家一样学Python》

ISBN:15

作者:艾伦 B. 唐尼(Allen B. Downey)

出版:人民邮电出版社

本书以培养读者以计算机科学家一样的思维方式来理解Python语言编程。贯穿全书的主体是如何思考、设计、发的方法,而具体的编程语言,只是提供了一个具体场景方便介绍的媒介。全书共21章,详细介绍Python语言编程的方方面面。本书从基本的编程概念始讲起,包括语言的语法和语义,而且每个编程概念都有清晰的定义,引领读者循序渐地学习变量、表达式、语句、函数和数据结构。书中还探讨了如何处理文件和数据库,如何理解对象、方法和面向对象编程,如何使用调试技巧来修正语法错误、运行时错误和语义错误。

《计算机科学丛书:Java编程思想》

ISBN:26

作者:[美] Bruce Eckel

出版:机械工业出版社

本书的作者拥有多年教学经验,对C、C++以及Java语言都有独到、深入的见解,以通俗易懂及小而直接的示例解释了一个个晦涩抽象的概念。本书共22章,包括操作符、控制执行流程、访问权限控制、复用类、多态、接口、通过异常处理错误、字符串、泛型、数组、容器深入研究、JavaI/O系统、枚举类型、并发以及图形化用户界面等内容。这些丰富的内容,包含了Java语言基础语法以及高级特性,适合各个层次的Java程序员阅读,同时也是高等院校讲授面向对象程序设计语言以及Java语言的好教材和参考书。

《疯狂Java讲义》

ISBN:86

作者:李刚

出版:电子工业出版社

《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》深入介绍了Java编程的相关方面,《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》内容覆盖了Java的基本语法结构、Java的面向对象特征、Java集合框架体系、Java泛型、异常处理、Java GUI编程、JDBC数据库编程、Java注释、Java的IO流体系、Java多线程编程、Java网络通信编程和Java反射机制。覆盖了java.lang、java.util、java.text、java.io和java.nio、java.sql、java.awt、javax.swing包下绝大部分类和接口。本书重点介绍了Java 9的模块化系统,还详细介绍了Java 9的jshell工具、多版本JAR包、匿名内部类的菱形语法、增强的try语句、私有接口方法,以及Java 9新增的各种API功能。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程是编定程序的中文简称,就是让计算机代码解决某个问题,对某个计算体系规定一定的运算方式,使计算体系按照该计算方式运行,并最终得到相应结果的过程","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。编程能提高逻辑思维能力,加强计算能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WceadiusyoyOwaxoNSsceBGjnVd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oqa2diWSioCqoexAhV7cd5qbnLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYCIdicsYoyiUgx6drTcXYVMn4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python是一种面向对象有着代码简洁、可读性强特点的解释型计算机程序设计语言。代码简洁是因为它把许多的复杂的操作封装起来,将C语言中麻烦的指针和内存管理对开发者隐藏起来,使得在开发过程中,无须在意这部分的细节。另外Python这门语言强制用户用缩进进行排版,若不好好排版,则代码编译无法通过,或者运行过程会出现错误。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SeiEdQ4GAoc8Koxm6Oucd3MonOb"},,"attrs":{"height":701,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Python","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aeaa7b58948c4124bd69b6417e51906a","width":1563},"text":"","id":"DSA6demiCo8YmgxGYDmcdbmenQf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RKKodkW2Wo0muoxaYdScS9gDnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言是一门面向过程的、抽象化的广泛应用于底层开发的通用程序设计语言,能以简易的方式编译和处理低级存储器。C语言既具有高级语言的特点,又具有汇编语言的特点,是仅产生少量机器语言以及不需要任何运行环境支持便能运行的高效率程序设计语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WkgAdki6koYcsSxzF93csMeynCk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"是有简洁的语言、具有结构化的控制语句、丰富的数据类型、丰富的运算符、可对物理地址进行直接操作、代码具有较好的可移植性、可生成高质量、目标代码执行效率高的程序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FkCQdiCsmo40iqxg7ujcPBy9nHe"},,"attrs":{"height":806,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"C语言","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6f859719f77941aea4a29e7119f20a7f","width":1603},"text":"","id":"ME8ad6QuAoiWo2xe8zCc3gXrnog"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWK8d2GSUoMME2xUxHzc8kMYnQR"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java通过面向作为静态对象的编程语言的代表,可以充分的实现面向的对象理论的编程语言,有简单性、功能强大、分布式、健壮性、安全性、平台独立与可移植性、多线程及动态性的特点。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TeIod6souoE4EkxgjEfcOZkLnoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Java支持在网络上应用,Java既支持各种层次的网络连接,又以Socket类支持可靠的流(stream)网络连接,它是分布式语言。所以用户可以产生分布式的客户机和服务器。网络变成软件应用的分布运载工具。Java程序只要编写一次,就可到处运行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Te4udsisCoK44gxMpuPcDy11nfd"},,"attrs":{"height":839,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Java","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e1656925be54be393b49dc2e2ac7b80","width":1893},"text":"","id":"SUW6d0aw2oskC4x2FMSc3WhNnRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ic6kdo08aoY4GuxeY6Qc3Z8nnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP是一种被广泛应用的开放源代码的多用途脚本语言,它可嵌入到 HTML中,尤其适合 web 开发。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IwQ8dKQCeoGAmixqM7BcXdgUnAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"使用 PHP 的最大的好处是它对于初学者来说极其简单,同时也给专业的程序员提供了各种高级的特性,只需几个小时就可以自己写一些简单的脚本。尽管 PHP 的开发是以服务端脚本为目的,但事实上其功能远不局限于此。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DW0Odakc6ouW6Kxu6kPcdPF3nZd"},,"attrs":{"height":648,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"PHP","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/300a2e3c7e954e7b8def92163c3f3673","width":1828},"text":"","id":"Naq2duscgogQ2oxYjg2cosy1nEe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"GO","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwWwdCYeAoMuMuxCiNpcqJKpnRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Go语言(又称 Golang)是一种静态强类型、编译型语言,是一个开源编程环境,可以轻松构建简单、可靠和高效的软件。Go 语言语法与 C 相近,但功能上有:内存安全,GC(垃圾回收),结构形态及 CSP-style 并发计算。Go 内嵌了关联数组(也称为哈希表(Hashes)或字典(Dictionaries)),就像字符串类型一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIY6dO8ecoGoOOxmUVPcViIAnxb"},,"attrs":{"height":772,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"GO","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3a879bbdd4b64d2b9b54d3f7358e7ed3","width":1522},"text":"","id":"GuiUdc6UCoKUWGxaCogc2jcrnFe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对比","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EGqmdKMsGogUeexukQ5cA2wTnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python和c语言的区别主要体现在:语言类型、内存管理、速度、应用、运行、对象、声明、测试和调试难度、复杂度、学习程度。 测试和调试难度不同:Python相对其他语言而言是非常简单的语言,高度集成,代码量少。Python中的测试和调试更容易;C中测试和调试更难。 学习难度不同:Python:Python程序更易于学习,编写和阅读;C语言:C程序语法比Python更难。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEyKduA4Iow6Kwx8ZiCcPQaVnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python 跟 java 一样是强类型语言,也就是说它不会根据环境变化自动改变数据类型。python 是动态语言,而 java 是静态语言。也就是说 python 在编程时,永远不用给任何变量指定数据类型,而 java 写程序时必须声明所有变量的数据类型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6yAdOUQqoQSIYxs7XVcPwlSnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"python 的模块类似于 java 的 class,不过python模块导入会执行 代码的内容,而 java 不会。python 与 java 的执行方式还是蛮像的,都是将源码编译成 byte code 然后交给相应的虚拟机去执行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmgOds4Ceoi0KoxGa8nc0GLDneb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python的框架数量较少,而PHP中成熟的框架比较多;PHP是面向web的语言,而Python是多用途语言,也可以用于web开发;Python使用非常严格的缩进强制执行,使它比PHP更具可读性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MW22d02SsoU2oYxesy1cIEfsnYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SA4kdwiSIoMW42xCGzDcMMyXnfe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习思路","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECkydGqiIoEmKoxQzshckC4rncd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识编程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IkSQdA02Ko64KKxoHAGc6cEwnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程语言(programming language)又称程序设计语言,是一组用特定语言编写的用于执行特定任务的指令。主要用于开发桌面应用、操作系统、网站、移动应用等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HM2udQ0giowuekxoV1kchShynhc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"低级编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CkEQdgiGooaKGaxesABch5T1nlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它基于二进制数 0 和 1 工作,处理器直接运行低级程序,不需要编译器或解释器,因此用低级语言编写的程序可以运行得非常快。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UgoMde6QIou8yAxambScEu1vnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"低级语言进一步分为两部分","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ASy6dMoGooWsKaxeCDAcTUajnde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"机器语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8MKdYOOmoucO0xai2uc1TUKnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"机器语言也称为机器代码或目标代码,更容易阅读,因为它通常以二进制或十六进制形式(基数 16)形式显示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIgMdsykeoaykIxawjVcRE7HnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它不需要翻译器来转换程序,因为计算机直接理解机器语言程序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LMsSdcWGsooA00xgzJUcR80Inuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":" 汇编语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xi0gdKkgGo0oKYxE0vacrHAtngb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"汇编语言是为特定处理器设计的,它以象征性和人类可理解的形式表示一组指令。它使用汇编程序将汇编语言转换为机器语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GYOQdMKQuoGkoExyYdkcuU2anIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGmIdsSwmoY8A2x89NUcdbWbnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级编程语言介于低级编程语言和高级编程语言之间。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q822d2sssoQQGYxAzK6c9GqFnbd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"它也被称为中间程序语言和伪语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BuG2d8s6AoiIWCxGQt1cGdbgneg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级编程语言的优点是支持高级编程的特性,是一种用户友好的语言,与机器语言和人类语言密切相关。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FIg6dMMGaoYSu0xSyhpcKu46nPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"例如:C、C++","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LK8sduKWaoa0oUxQXspcudVbnid"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级编程语言","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FaYsdG0KqoOGW6xa4u0c0UQVn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级编程语言 (HLL) 旨在开发用户友好的软件程序和网站。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rsi4dE64WoykEkxzYAIcCNc8nbH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种编程语言需要编译器或解释器将程序翻译成机器语言(执行程序)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IOqmdGCEcoeC2wxXJElc68FsnvL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"示例:Python、Java、JavaScript、PHP、C#、C++ 等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CgagdYoyyoQMCwxJ65zcUJF6ntC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"编程实践","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KGCQdQuyyoIu8Cx8DxYcWwFGnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"学习编程语言的过程简单描述为:过、抄、仿、改、调、看、练、创、悟。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JUUOdqi2Ko6mSix0qMBcv94pnAb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"过","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqSsduwsUoqSamxyGKWcWlLqnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"基础知识点不求深解,语言什么样的,适用场合、基本语法格式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XO0mdIAcMoOisgxuAb6cTIvHn9I"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"抄代码","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZwqWdC2AioWsWGxNBikcRf0unBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从书上抄、例子中抄、边抄边想边想边回忆语法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XQWmdmoMcoQ82axuI6Lcjb6knDe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿改","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOc0dUWuAogWYAx8vZycJ1OYnfd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"仿照给出的代码写出自己的代码","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Iokkd0EewoMSMuxqCAKch8tRnZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勤调试","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CCIsd2secoIAiOxUXGhcQ55Mncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不断调试验证自己想法,继续思考,再次验证。熟悉调试工具调试方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sg8CdMOy8oMyysxC0jyc1mzunff"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"看n遍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UW4Id0cOooa6EAxIro7c3bT5nle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出错或者遇到问题时,将代码从头到尾看n遍直到快记住,找出问题原因","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ROsUdMEyQoewGUxB0JWcntn7nh6"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ag2EdIGQQowSOOxRfD2cRMnOnNl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2-5步三遍以上","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D8eod4eqmoEUcQx0XNVcgNE9n7Z"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"创新","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JqU2damiUoQm4CxUSSDcpg16nAn"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"拿出一个没有写过的根据要求,一步一步写出来,写不出来参考6","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIeidUEkooIGGWxmAUQcWltanhh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"悟","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4ikdSQY4oacQWxQ3RocOJTbnQc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主动找到写代码的感觉和成就感,保持下去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZOCqd80k8oi8GgxkFcUcGuxan6b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择大于努力,只有切入一个适合自己的开发方向,才能持续进步。关于开发方向,我有以下两个选择标准。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R620d6Qwko6O4gxeS37cRQxjnwd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":" 兴趣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WCkGd64Gwo6UcqxoV8Icg1G8nCf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习编程是一个非常枯燥的过程,内容多,时间长,成本高,即使报名了培训班也学不会,所以,我们首先要选择自己感兴趣的一个开发方向,这样不但能快速学习,以后还能持续进步。学习编程的过程是比较艰苦的,没有兴趣很难硬抗下来,此处的兴趣,是指别人无法撼动的热爱,是工作之余让你放松的事情。如果你只是有过某种想法,别人告诉你这个想法不靠谱,你就放弃了,这顶多是一时的鸡血。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BgqEdSkuMoqmqExFM9Dc7lBYnmk"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习方式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FG6OdgEWAosIcexYLUecc900nLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"费曼学习法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FOYAdYUk6oEk4gx7u0ycaoPsnEy"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在学完一个东西之后去给别人讲明白,注意是讲给别人听,当你写成文章发表在网上的时候,你自然会去用更通俗的语言,更清晰的逻辑去讲述这个事物背后的逻辑。这个过程是对自己学习的一个检验,也是加深映像整理思路的重要过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EyYWdScu2o0ca2xIRdgcR5k2nnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么如果你是去记笔记的话,很有可能你会倾向于去照抄,或是不完全照抄,以“提纲”或是“知识点”的形式抄在本子上。说句实话,照抄的笔记真的没用,因为现在搜索引擎的能力已经可以让你把大多数东西快速找到,你为什么还要照抄到笔记本上呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSu4dusiqoIcCcxCOhTccQL5n3e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"从功利的角度考虑,技术文章的写作,别人可以直接访问,也可以逐渐累积你的影响力,一个好的个人技术博客,会给你的简历加分很多,而一个厚厚的笔记本,没有人会管你记了什么。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SOUSdQWIoo6OMYxIldZcuIU9nKh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"做好笔记","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUoEdyCk0oOa2Ux2lGlcxcJKnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大多数人没有过目不忘的神技,学了也不一定马上掌握,需要过后花时间慢慢领悟,而且还有忘掉的风险,所以对于重要的知识点都要做好笔记。编程的过程中总会遇到各种各样的问题,比如编程环境的配置,常用的快捷键,编程过程中的错误、异常,软件更新问题等等。面对这些问题都是如何解决的,一定要记录下来,一是增加自己解决问题的经验,而是以防下次出现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGGwdgoU0oca0gxamqlcZ7HVnCf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"多看官方文档","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqyKdYYu8oU6QCxKmzicQi2qnxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"外文资料互联网是一个更新迭代很快的行业,所有编程语言都会不断的更新新功能和修复旧Bug,网上查的资料很有可能是旧的解决方案,现在已经不适用了。所以最好最快的方法就是查看官方文档。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FGkAdKUGioyu6OxiQ7pcForVnXc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"进入行业圈子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OEwIdSQ4EoK0U8xHbsJcVXchnCw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"只有进入行业圈子与其他人交流,你才了解最新的行业动态,才知道自己需要更新哪些技能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XqkadOImEoakm4xCGrscdtHOnrg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"动手做项目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SMIQdeS4Qo60gKxSE1qcpjf9n1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习编程的最终目的就是用所学的做出具有一定功能的项目,而做项目又是最好的学习和巩固知识的方式。如果前期能力不足就先做一些简单的功能模块,一步一步慢慢来,不要一开始就要实现各种酷炫炸天功能,遇到不会的就在网上查, 现在互联网这么发达,获取资源也及其方便。而且开发前也最好在网上查一下有没有已经成型的框架或模板,什么都自己做一是很耗费时间,二是自己技术能力不足还可能留下不少坑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E8SSdsQksoOykkxq8qhc2D9UnPh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习Python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Noeodu46Eoyg4Oxcz2Lcvsh6nWf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ucwad8wU0omK2YxUmNnc76Pjneb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一步:访问Python官网,获取最新安装程序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CIWwdiUucoGM4Axe1XscufX4npb"},,"attrs":{"height":253,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6243e00debbc4a70b8dc277fa202d4e3","width":500},"text":"","id":"ZAUEdiiUoockeYx4FwFcKNmVnsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第二步:运行下载的安装程序,注意勾选“Add Python3.7 to PATH”,然后选择个性化安装,即“Customize installation”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DikMdkUMeoIIwOxEFNjcgKC8nfb"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/61c8842e690b42fc8de3ab3bce410252","width":500},"text":"","id":"VeISdQwCcogI8yxKqjrcxkXBnXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第三步:确保“pip”被勾选上,之后安装各种库需要用到pip。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JakkdcOG8omkoCxUt62cPMoinKb"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/257a0f4181604843b6b89e1ab0d338fc","width":500},"text":"","id":"HQUGdykoMoSUmGxymgjcOwounzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第四步:高级选项,需要的可以修改安装目录,通常没有需要修改的,直接点“Install”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"U8gUdO22So4GWMxk5AAcYxhgnwd"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0bb9ea7ffad45d5aeef1f09f1dde2a4","width":500},"text":"","id":"IGQwdQag4oi06uxWuyacQYQAnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第五步:等待程序自动安装完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZqiadCqiEoWewYx0AC8cBcnTneh"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a46cba8c1cc64627a6bcb5bf991fe3f9","width":500},"text":"","id":"EmCWd0sMaoowOIxuA2lctZeXn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第六步:出现如下界面,说明安装已完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CSiudKqaqomAkcx2B6tcVnpGnPd"},,"attrs":{"height":308,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/379805f0786b447583f0a32c4d573b32","width":500},"text":"","id":"UiCYdig0KoeIUWx049tcMB6bn6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"第七步:验证方法,Windows+R 键打开“运行”窗口,输入cmd运行,进入命令提示窗口,再输入python,进入Python的命令模式,输入 print(\\"Hello\\"),结果输出了 Hello,如下图所示,确定开发环境已安装完成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lmoede4cuoEwQKxmabGcMLaXnXf"},,"attrs":{"height":261,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"安装编程环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f84920cc98b14ad9beb9aae12c2e06f7","width":500},"text":"","id":"MsIgduUaEosaG6xSunHcnIm8nvf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"运行环境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Lqiwde2SYoKEoOxquyEcgRRLnLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Hello World!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIgSdccwkoeaG8xmadlcUw6Bnbh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"命令行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAaKdcMMUoSaKcxW4c1ccXeGnPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在Linux命令行输入:$python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ac0Udg8sKoo64WxKUEpcVHc9ngc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"将直接进入python。然后在命令行提示符\>\>\>后面输入:\>\>\>print('Hello World!')","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C6OwdcCKao0kG8x4u6bchmSwn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可以看到,随后在屏幕上输出:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HMyIdGao0omCcMxyu1Kc9DyFnQJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Hello World!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HCWydoCIKo02yMxOy7GcZ1MBnkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"print是一个常用函数,其功能就是输出括号中得字符串。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K4gYdSoiuo00icxAHmpc1eimnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(在Python 2.x中,print还可以是一个关键字,可写成print 'Hello World!',但这在3.x中行不通 )","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BQACduGE6oCgSOx2fvYcEcbPn4f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"小程序","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGqsdeUKwoewYQx3zgdcf4Q4nsb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另一个使用Python的方法,是写一个Python程序。用文本编辑器写一个.py结尾的文件,比如说hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LkWEdeSkSosWMexWc7PcjpdvnJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在hello.py中写入如下,并保存:print('Hello World!')","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JgOsdAKe4ogmyExYHgLcTmQunyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"退出文本编辑器,然后在命令行输入:$python hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"So08dE2imoYYQCxQ2QFcO82cnJL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"来运行hello.py。可以看到Python随后输出Hello World!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AIKCdsmeYoCwwUx0su3cHkHqnvb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"脚本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZsEMdwYWcoQOsQxSSv6cYylLn5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们还可以把Python程序hello.py改成一个可执行的脚本,直接执行:#!/usr/bin/env python","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LqUgd8CeQoCIeux81qFc7h69nHE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"print('Hello World!')","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ASc8d6YmkoASeOxcNArcGC3Anbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"需要修改上面程序的权限为可执行:chmod 755 hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SY4Sd2aEMoy8E2x8moScAd5Gnbc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后再命令行中,输入./hello.py","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KcuSdKiEGomYGmxcxZ9cfAzwn9d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"就可以直接运行了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WoeudWqOAosyosx8vdLcVyTQnre"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"基本数据类型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PCwKdMoS2oKi4gxFAqZctL2XnJp"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"变量不声明","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HsuQdOC6kosCkax4ML4cAJ8Dnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python的变量不需要声明,你可以直接输入:\>\>\>a = 10","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SoA0dk2IKogMgOxewwVc4LkKnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么你的内存里就有了一个变量a, 它的值是10,它的类型是integer (整数)。 在此之前你不需要做什么特别的声明,而数据类型是Python自动决定的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KuuidCs4SooqGex6ZITcthxHnHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>print(a)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VUaadIGOqoYYS4xwFOLcR1CVnEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>print(type(a))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K2uYdIgSwoIaKexCWFvc3GZnnIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"那么会有如下输出:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VYCKdqwy4oWG6Ux2xQjcXvipnzV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FukWdMmaAoceg4xCaJ5c8ktfnuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mo4IdywqgoqKI8xSBu7cFmLyndb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这里,我们学到一个内置函数type(),用以查询变量的类型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"C8yKdI8amoWwssxaEpQcGuK7nTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"回收变量名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LmgCdYeiuoIWgWxOon3c3P1Hncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果你想让a存储不同的数据,你不需要删除原有变量就可以直接赋值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J0C0dc8UWo4CESx4m4jceRTAn4e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>a = 1.3","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tme6dEUG8ogECYxMrZOcjBzCnfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>print(a,type(a))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xo8mdWieio2ayqxYvCqcNNnKnac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"会有如下输出","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEQgdWU6so2EW0x2pYGc8Up6nLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.3 \","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xe0Qd0YkEoWcUixQxzNcsc7BnQc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"序列","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K4sIdyYiaooeSKx0ENocBIlknzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"sequence(序列)是一组有顺序的元素的集合,(严格的说,是对象的集合,但鉴于我们还没有引入“对象”概念,暂时说元素)序列可以包含一个或多个元素,也可以没有任何元素。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NKG2d8UMAokU4mxs9Snc667DnQf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们之前所说的基本数据类型,都可以作为序列的元素。元素还可以是另一个序列,以及我们以后要介绍的其他对象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SIe2duU4WoQEuMxUTXrcAmmKn2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"序列有两种:tuple(定值表; 也有翻译为元组) 和 list (表)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RmMwdgGU4oqywAxIZbQcqQHjnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>s1 = (2, 1.3, 'love', 5.6, 9, 12, False) # s1是一个tuple","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WOaCdYes4o2k8yxWsrqckvlxnDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>s2 = [True, 5, 'smile'] # s2是一个list","id":""}],"text":"","id":"De8ydgYi2o0ciixAjmgcINQnnzd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>print(s1,type(s1))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IMqQdWcKEogyGuxORI4cXDm9n5N"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>print(s2,type(s2))","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EY6idcQaooqaaGx0o8HcNZcmnHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"tuple和list的主要区别在于,一旦建立,tuple的各个元素不可再变更,而list的各个元素可以再变更。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A8A0d4wsEoQM6gxy8wfczcPunJg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一个序列作为另一个序列的元素","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BiqUdsI6Koks4gxyig4ckRhgnGd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>s3 = [1,[3,4,5]]","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoyEdOKywoYs8Ax4E1ic6uIan3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"空序列","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OWykdUkeWo4UOQxWiu3cKYkDnAd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"\>\>\>s4 = []","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VWEIdSqWooyg40xMpeYcDMo9nbd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KW4Odiy8Eo4QyMxmAKFciGS8n4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G4AadueAIoa4o8xs9gwcSrAxnme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KqWid0A6UoAOIAxIlTWcxC9Nnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这个python教程很适合小白学习,没有高深的原理,照着教程学就完事了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiaCdQGKyo6Wg2xwxHoc2Dxmnxt"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟教程是一个提供免费编程学习的网站,里面不但能学到编程知识,还能运用在线编程工具,使你在学习的过程中得到发挥,实践得真理,边学边做中让基础打得更稳,让自己的知识更加稳固。在自己有不明白不理解的地方可以在网站的用户笔记中寻找大佬们的笔记,把自己所学和技术大佬的经验所融合,使自己更好地提升自己的能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZEgwdWWSsoq682x8f5wchxAynZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟教程内容丰富,例如前端热门语言HTML5、CSS3、JavaScript、Vue等它该有的都有,都会从最基础的开始教,让刚学编程的小白由浅及深,一看就懂。每个知识点都有实例可以动手,直接在页面内做你想要的效果真的非常棒。菜鸟的排版简洁清晰有序,内容一针见血,让你一看就能明白其知识点的含义。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WiU8de84coa6cQxcTG1chmmunkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟教程不仅前端教程语言丰富,后端的Java、PHP、Python更是一应俱全,当然数据库、移动端、XML、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"ASP.NET","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、Web Service、开发工具和网站建设也是应有尽有,菜鸟教程有学到的知识如此之多,奋斗吧少年。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RggwdQ6uqoSiQWxI1ENck2ktnYe"},,"attrs":{"height":383,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"菜鸟网站","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0798ab45151c4bd0ad7d0b1c1b4f9566","width":720},"text":"","id":"NI2SdAC2QosicOxQ9YxcHeSknnh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DsoCdsMcuoAoi0x8BarcCb3Sn3f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"廖雪峰的官方网站","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CwsqdmSY6os00wxdcNSctzmwnHH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"廖雪峰的官方网站比较推荐新手程序员学习前端,这个网站的教学视频的讲解相对来说会比较生动,没有其他教程那么死板,看起来也不至于那么犯困,也更便于新手去理解。总的来说,廖雪峰的官方网站作为一款启蒙类的前端学习网站还是相当不错的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SimcdEA4mo2QwExkXoAcSn0RnEh"},,"attrs":{"height":750,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"廖雪峰的官方网站","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b21b64b7b6c74706ab17469ccbf6b14b","width":1783},"text":"","id":"NWWwdMy2AoWIwgxI10pcF9jJnhh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"Python官方教程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"M0cGdIGsSoAYA8xaOKYcPxMInuf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这是Python官方出品的教程,可搭配Python标准库一起学。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QCUKde0YCoe4aixMp6mc34NynAf"},,"attrs":{"height":810,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"Python官方教程","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4871398dc75d4de4ab867263607d7048","width":1445},"text":"","id":"NQI2dc86io4EgwxgVEXcl1svnae"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZYEAdMaCaoY8mSxGJFecEcpannb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《Python编程从入门到实践(第2版)》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OKe4diK4goU4Swxg9Edc2CcjnQZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:埃里克·马瑟斯 (EricMatthes)袁国忠 译","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PKQcdAAcGoUoC0xOqEocFhTCnlh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:81","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DyUWd4aUio4a60xu6ogcPj1Bn2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:人民邮电出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rs42dYymGoSIuUxWU7RctjUznMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书是针对所有层次Python读者而作的Python门书。全书分两部分:部分介绍用Python编程所必须了解的基本概念,包括强大的Python库和工具,以及列表、字典、if语句、类、文件与异常、代码测试等内容;第二部分将理论付诸实践,讲解如何发三个项目,包括简单的2D游戏、利用数据生成交互式的信息图以及创建和定制简单的Web应用,并帮助读者解决常见编程问题和困惑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HoQodykKqo8COCxqyqwccoimnKh"},,"attrs":{"height":619,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f952cca888c0454e838c59d17090daf7","width":501},"text":"","id":"ZU6qdUUScoCUA4x46jtchHQIndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《像计算机科学家一样学Python》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E28edua0koSygsxnyHBcIkeznGk"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:15","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N44Udusiso2siQx61owcIo13n6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"艾伦","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" B. ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"唐尼","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Allen","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" B. ","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"Downey","id":""},{"type":"text","text":")","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkEudeuIsoy2CmxW6NxcCRV1nfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:人民邮电出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WYKKdki4WoSykmx6OJVcqWOunDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书以培养读者以计算机科学家一样的思维方式来理解Python语言编程。贯穿全书的主体是如何思考、设计、发的方法,而具体的编程语言,只是提供了一个具体场景方便介绍的媒介。全书共21章,详细介绍Python语言编程的方方面面。本书从基本的编程概念始讲起,包括语言的语法和语义,而且每个编程概念都有清晰的定义,引领读者循序渐地学习变量、表达式、语句、函数和数据结构。书中还探讨了如何处理文件和数据库,如何理解对象、方法和面向对象编程,如何使用调试技巧来修正语法错误、运行时错误和语义错误。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BK6ydyYuaouyusx4pJfcnzCvnPh"},,"attrs":{"height":701,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2fcdba851350469c8f20a6fd2e54a3f8","width":526},"text":"","id":"Gukwd8S6oo0uMKxNGdKcgvECnCz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《计算机科学丛书:Java编程思想》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qyk4dmCKMouoUwxDv4BcZSonnv6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:26","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LOyCdEOUeo0MSixsRQOcsCACn1A"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:[美] Bruce Eckel","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NY06d6MISoicmMxkpXAcDYjwnxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:机械工业出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SASYdyGwMoMiMqx6Cn3c7fPfnFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"本书的作者拥有多年教学经验,对C、C++以及Java语言都有独到、深入的见解,以通俗易懂及小而直接的示例解释了一个个晦涩抽象的概念。本书共22章,包括操作符、控制执行流程、访问权限控制、复用类、多态、接口、通过异常处理错误、字符串、泛型、数组、容器深入研究、JavaI/O系统、枚举类型、并发以及图形化用户界面等内容。这些丰富的内容,包含了Java语言基础语法以及高级特性,适合各个层次的Java程序员阅读,同时也是高等院校讲授面向对象程序设计语言以及Java语言的好教材和参考书。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DmCwdc4UWo8kIyxkrbKcGAPFn3S"},,"attrs":{"height":603,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/58be17df22694f249be5f539f0f12cbf","width":436},"text":"","id":"NuusdkO0KoEuqcxkhDUcaHIinNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"《疯狂Java讲义》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Za0CdW40komg2KxiOCtcsN4pnNf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ISBN:86","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAcQd6qs0oWqqGxUFeAcY2danZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"作者:李刚","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HImOdIWASoK8YGxkvUZcJhCHnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"出版:电子工业出版社","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P0s8dmIUioYcsIxE13WcCFIgnJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》深入介绍了Java编程的相关方面,《疯狂Java讲义(第4版)》内容覆盖了Java的基本语法结构、Java的面向对象特征、Java集合框架体系、Java泛型、异常处理、Java GUI编程、JDBC数据库编程、Java注释、Java的IO流体系、Java多线程编程、Java网络通信编程和Java反射机制。覆盖了java.lang、java.util、java.text、java.io和java.nio、java.sql、java.awt、javax.swing包下绝大部分类和接口。本书重点介绍了Java 9的模块化系统,还详细介绍了Java 9的jshell工具、多版本JAR包、匿名内部类的菱形语法、增强的try语句、私有接口方法,以及Java 9新增的各种API功能。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqYKdqMICoW6Iexk7uecKI1ZnNb"},,"attrs":{"height":685,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"书籍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/73f9b8449be24d31b0eb1b31f5d545fa","width":528},"text":"","id":"Nosid8Yukoa0aOxA54IcivKanue"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ESKMd2eyCoKUQmxCgyCcBWYbn6f"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

怎么使用jlink一键烧录整个flashHi3518aceHi3515Hi3512?

r#重启jlink speed 3000k#设置jlink speed为3000K,当然也可设置为12000K或其他,如果信号线拉太长了就不要把速度设置太高了 rce 0 9 1 1 # wce 0 9 1 1 d#设置寄存器 loadbin g:\\jj\\hisiex-dramer.bin 0#将芯片&内存初始化程序load进芯片内部ram,如果你没有这个程序,可以将这部分内容以命令代替。如Hi3518,可以将log中的命令放在这里,代替程序。

setpc 0#设置pc寄存器 go#run loadbin g:\\jj\\3515.bin 0xc1000000#这是需要烧录进flash的文件,放到0xc1000000 内存 loadbin g:\\jj\\u-boot1.bin 0xc0500000#将uboot放到0xc0500000 内存 setpc 0xc0500000#设置pc寄存器 go#跑起来

一岁半宝宝如何早教?

婴幼儿时期是生命发展的基础阶段与关键期,因此早教可以为婴幼儿的身体、大脑、智力、个性、人格、精神、心灵等方面的发展打下根基。

早教基本信息

背景介绍

早教班适合0到6岁的孩子,因为这个年龄段的孩子是开发各种潜力的最佳时机,比如沟通能力、专注度、想象力、学习能力、人际交往能力等等;正确、科学的早期教育可以为孩子多元化的大脑发育和健康人格的培养打下良好的基础。一般来说,上早教越早越好,出生后42天就可以参加早教,但是一岁以内的宝宝理解不够,需要和父母一起学习,也就是亲子早教班。一岁半以上的孩子,可以根据自身的发展水平选择是否需要家长陪同。不同阶段的孩子有不同适合的早教课程。

上早教的好处

开发潜能

宝宝在家长和老师的陪同下多参加一些早教活动,对开掘宝宝的内在是有帮助的。

比如语言智能、肢体智能、音乐智能、逻辑智能等。

每个孩子都有独特的性格和特点,有的比较活泼能适应环境变化,有的相对内敛比较小心谨慎。

通过一些活动或游戏来帮助家长关注孩子的反应,既锻炼了孩子的能力也能让父母发现孩子的天性,从而在宝宝的成长中帮助宝宝发展,适应新的变化。

塑造性格

早教另一个大的益处就是能培养宝宝开朗外向的性格,让宝宝走出小家庭,来到一个大家庭。

人际交流机会增多,可以增强宝宝的交往沟通能力,使得他们变得更加活泼、有信心,也更喜欢与他人交往。

对于一些内向的孩子帮助效果尤其明显,无论是以后进入幼儿园还是长大后自信心的建立,都有很多的益处。

增加情感

在亲子互动的过程中,父母作为大朋友领导和配合着孩子的行为。

比如父母和孩子一起进行亲子阅读,一起阅读故事书,可以建立亲子关系。

还可以一起配合来进行角色扮演,这样也会增加孩子的自信心,角色扮演之后孩子会对整个故事记忆深刻,丰富了孩子的知识,寓教于乐。

如何挑选机构

家长在选择早教机构时,一定要多花时间,考虑距离、环境、师资和服务。直接的办法就是带宝宝去试听体验课。

硬件、环境

一般早教环境设施都比较“高大上”,通常会有家长豪华休息室、咖啡机、电脑、娱乐区等等,但是孩子,尤其是婴幼儿,到底需要一个什么样的环境呢?

比如是否有相对独立、安静、宽松的教室,是否有适宜的室内灯光和温度,是否配置相应教学设备和安全消防设施,视觉设计是否有童趣等等以及是否具备无毒可靠、数量充足、性能优越的一些特殊培训课程所需的教学(含实训)设施等。

课程体系特色

许多人认为早教班就只是在玩游戏,要知道这些游戏的设置是根据宝宝的年龄阶段和生长发育特定的,不仅仅是在玩,还在玩的过程中培养宝宝的技能,如何玩的更加有效和巧妙,引导宝宝健康成长。早教的课程一般有肢体训练、感官、数学、艺术和音乐等这些内容。不同的早教机构教学理念不同,因此课程设计上也略有不同。

比如,早教中心的教材采用其他机构或市场销售的专家书籍,从一个侧面反映了该机构的研发能力和教学潜力如何,这样的机构的课程缺乏更新能力和市场追踪能力,不是上佳选择。

宝宝每个年龄段的能力发展是不同的,因此各阶段早教课程的侧重点也会有所不同。

0-2.5岁的宝宝

重点培养感知运动、音乐表达、社交等能力,也会培养宝宝手部精细动作、语言表达能力、注意力等能力。

2.5-3岁的宝宝

课程会侧重在宝宝情绪调试、习惯规则的遵守的能力,针对入园适应的相关问题,着重培养精细动作、语言表达、情绪调试、习惯规则等。

3-6岁的宝宝

课程会针对科学认知、语言发展和人际交往,着重培养学习能力、语言能力、社会交往、行为习惯等能力发展,为幼升小做准备。

因此,家长在选择早教中心的时候要考察课程设置是否科学分龄,每个阶段的课程侧重点应遵循儿童的能力发展有所不同。

师资力量

师资水平是选择早教中心时,学校软实力中最重要的衡量标准之一。

首先,教师应具备相应的从教资质。要看老师有没有进行过专业的培训,是如何培训获得资质的。

其次,教师应具备相应的知识储备。这不仅指教师应熟练掌握所教学科的知识内容,还包括会运用恰当的教育教学方法引导孩子如何去学习。所以一定要与老师多沟通交流,看老师的言谈举止、专业知识、课堂组织呈现能力等全面素质。

再次,教师应该具备高度的责任心,遵循“有教无类”的原则,善于鼓励学生,发现他们各自的优点。建议家长可以与老师多沟通自己宝宝的发展情况,咨询一些育儿问题等,从而进行全面了解。家长在和老师接触时,只要提几个专业的问题或就自己孩子目前发展的特点进行交流,就会检验出老师的水平。

孩子兴趣

对孩子的早期教育一定要遵循适当的发展规律,不能根据大人的主观意愿来决定孩子应该学习哪些课程,这都是不正确的,而且还会起到相反的作用。总之,无论何时都要以孩子的感受和喜好为主。

在选择早教机构时,要做好孩子的思想准备,很多时候,孩子都是对硬性的学习非常的抵触的,一旦没有做好铺垫,很可能就让孩子有了抵触的心理,产生了厌学情绪的话就更不好了。

家长们也要注意,一节体验课孩子表现的好坏,不足以证明这家机构对孩子的长远发展是好或者坏,只能说明孩子对新环境的适应能力是好或者坏。

办学资质

选择早教中心,千万不要被琳琅满目的广告给看花了眼睛,现今品牌效应、宣传轰炸充斥的当下环境,早教产品的广告数不胜数,家长在选择的时候一定要擦亮眼睛。

要看机构的工商、税务营业执照是否完善,是否有政府相关部门出具的培训资质,机构名称和办学实体是否相符。

比如:有些培训机构虽然称呼为XX学校、XX学院,名字很大气,但实际却不是那么回事,学院类名称是国家规定有学历教育的机构使用的,无学历教育者一般不具备资格,所以别被名字误导了!

距离

距离是一个很大的因素,因为太远的距离反而会因为路上耽误时间多久,有损身体健康,引起孩子的方案,同时也加重了家长负担。

另外,早教中心是否有合格的办学许可证?早教中心建立的年数与口碑如何?是否出现过加盟商停业跑路的情况?这些综合要素都需要家长慎重把控。

收费合理

在了解学校环境、设备、师资、教学理念等情况的基础上,学校收费也是家长需要考虑的重要因素。

家长应仔细查看学校的收费项目、收费标准,了解收费是否经过备案、是否进行了公示、是否能开具有效票据等。在家庭经济承受范围之内,尽可能提供给孩子最优质的教育服务。

早教方法

上早教课只是早教的一部分,更重要的是家长的陪伴。一岁半的宝宝,最好的教育方法是和他玩,做亲子游戏。在玩耍的过程中对宝宝进行语言教育,既让宝宝感觉到快乐,同时效果又较好。

模仿训练

早教课程:有趣的表情

课程目的:激发孩子的观察力,掌握模仿的本能

具体步骤:

1、和孩子面对面坐好,对孩子做微笑的表情,同时对孩子说:“嘴角上翘是微笑,宝宝笑一个。”然后观察孩子的反应。

2、准备一些有关微笑的图片,让孩子看一看,并告诉他:“瞧,大家都在笑,宝宝也笑一笑。”

3、用同样的方法教孩子认识其他表情,如淘气吐舌头、开心地大笑、难过地哭泣、生气等。

4、拿一面镜子,和孩子一起坐在镜子前,对着镜子做表情,然后让孩子模仿。

这样的早教课堂,爸爸妈妈可以经常的陪孩子来做,可以激发孩子的模仿兴趣,并训练孩子面部肌肉。

训练动作能力

1、学穿鞋袜

穿袜子:将袜口叠到袜跟、提住袜跟将脚伸进袜子至袜尖,足跟贴住袜跟,再将袜口提上来。这种穿法能使足跟与袜跟相符,穿得舒服。

然后开始学穿鞋:大脚趾最长,在脚的里侧,把两只鞋尖的一侧对放在一起,让宝宝认出哪一只鞋应穿左脚、哪一只应穿右脚。反复练习后,宝宝就能熟练地自己穿上鞋袜。

进一步练习宝宝的自理能力,使他产生自信,知道区别左右脚。

2、倒水入瓶

找两个酸奶瓶,让宝宝把其中一个装满水然后倒入另一个瓶内,尽量不让水漏出。熟练之后,再让宝宝将小碗中的水倒入瓶内而不泼洒。

通过这个游戏,可锻炼宝宝的手眼协调能力,做精细的操作。

3、变高和变矮

爸爸说“变高”,同宝宝一起踮起脚尖,伸直身体,举起双手,人变高了许多。爸爸再喊“变矮”,蹲下双脚,弯腰低头,双手抱住膝盖,身体变成一个球状。由快到慢,或由宝宝喊口令,爸爸和宝宝一起表演,或由宝宝单独表演。

练习伸展和屈曲身体,使关节和韧带得到锻炼,全身肌肉活动协调。这种身体活动的游戏最好穿插在一些静态的游戏中间,使宝宝动静结合,有利于健康。

训练言语能力

幼儿在1岁半后,言语发展会突飞猛进,他们不仅重复成人说的言语,而且想要自己说出周围东西的名称。

语言来源于生活,家长应常带小儿到户外、公园去玩,鼓励他与人交往,并引导小儿仔细观察遇到的事物,告诉小儿他遇到事物的名称和特点。

回家后,要他回忆在外面接触的人,看到的东西,并尽量帮他用较完整的话叙述出来。这样,不但丰富了他的语言词汇,而且巩固了记忆,增长了知识。

推荐游戏:猜声音

先把宝宝熟悉的人或物的声音一一录下来,如爸爸、妈妈或其他亲人的讲话声,汽车的喇叭声,狗的叫声等。

游戏开始时,按动录音机,逐一播放给宝宝听。然后让宝宝说出听到的是什么声音。不要选择太相像的两种声音,以免宝宝答错后有挫败感。如果宝宝答对了,记得要称赞宝宝。

颜色辨别

一岁半的宝宝对颜色异常敏感,在玩耍的时候,可以加入一些颜色鲜艳的数字和字母,都能够有效增强宝宝的兴趣和印象。帮助宝宝认识颜色的几个游戏:

游戏一:找找什么是红颜色的

这种游戏在任何环境中都可以玩,让孩子找红色的东西,找到了,就让他在手中摆弄一会儿,并说出名称。说对了,就赞扬他:说错了,要给他指出和说出来,这是“红皮球”,但别指责他笨。教孩子认识其他颜色也可用这种方法。

游戏二:取食物

妈妈买回很多菜、水果,可以有意识地让孩子帮忙从篮中取出,说出它的名称和颜色,同时可以告诉他这些东西吃了对健康的好处,这样不仅教会了孩子认识颜色,也增进了他对蔬菜、水果的好感。

游戏三:搭配颜色

取10~ 20只胶卷轴,外面裹贴一圈白纸。白纸上涂上各种颜色,每种颜色涂两只,组成两组不同颜色的胶卷轴。

两组胶卷轴分别放在两个房间里,先让孩子辨认一组的颜色,之后妈妈指定一种颜色,让孩子到另一个房间里,把相同颜色的胶卷轴取来,一只一只地取,直到取完配好为止。

在开始阶段,颜色可以少一些,甚至只有红、黄、蓝三种,待孩子熟悉后,逐渐增加颜色种类。

训练观察能力

训练上下、里外、前后方位意识:如游戏时说:"球在椅子上、椅子下"、"球在箱子里、在箱子外面"等等。

辨别多少:如分糖果给家人,看看分的是否一样多,放桌上比比看谁多谁少。

早教注意事项

充分的睡眠

充足的睡眠是宝宝健康成长的必要条件,如果宝宝睡眠状况不好的话,会造成宝宝食欲不振,从而影响到脑部的发育,影响到智力。

一岁半儿童一天累计睡眠时间在14小时左右,白天2小时夜间12小时。当然也存在个体差异。 一岁半儿童睡眠时间不要超过16小时,但也不能短于9小时,因为充足睡眠,能保证儿童正常生理发育。

注意饮食

一岁半儿童的饮食要注意合理膳食,多食蔬菜、水果、蛋、肉、鱼,少食高脂肪、高糖、高胆固醇的食物。 对于一岁半的儿童,可以和大人一样,每天给他按时吃三餐,上午和下午各补充一次点心或水果。三餐以厚粥和软饭为主,要多吃蔬菜。菜和鱼肉、虾肉要剁碎,拌在饭里给孩子吃,最好经常换花样,这样孩子才爱吃。

如果儿童喜欢,可以让他坐得和大人一样高,给儿童一个碗,一个勺,让他在接受喂饭的同时可以自己也吃,千万别怕他会弄得到处都是。这个时候可以让儿童学着自己吃饭,如果他成功地把饭送到嘴里,他会很高兴的,这会激起他自己动手的更大欲望。

千万不要追着连哄带骗地给儿童喂饭,其实如果儿童不想吃,父母可以把食物拿开,而不是逼着他吃。过量的食物很可能让儿童没有胃口,父母逼着他吃会让儿童慢慢讨厌食物的,也可以把食物做成小份的,一份吃完后再给一份,这样不会让儿童看见一大碗增加了儿童吃饭的压力。

心态平和

各位爸爸妈妈可以在平时的日常生活中对宝宝进行教育,父母在早教的过程中要放松心态,千万别操之过急。家长们在给宝宝早教时一定要注意,不要把目标定得太高或者有盼望宝宝成为“神童”的心理。

有些父母不顾婴幼儿心理发展的特点,硬性地给孩子规定学习任务,让婴幼儿像学生那样坐下来学习,剥夺了他们玩耍的时间,这对孩子的身心健康很不利。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"婴幼儿时期是生命发展的基础阶段与关键期,因此早教可以为婴幼儿的身体、大脑、智力、个性、人格、精神、心灵","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"等方面的发展","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"打下根基。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqWsUEKY4qmOIpPBCE6Jwh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教基本信息","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqIQCE8okGIUYt7FTZjDoha"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"背景介绍","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCiW0GaGi2kEi44QD0YWy6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教班适合0到6岁的孩子,因为这个年龄段的孩子是开发各种潜力的最佳时机,比如沟通能力、专注度、想象力、学习能力、人际交往能力等等;正确、科学的早期教育可以为孩子多元化的大脑发育和健康人格的培养打下良好的基础。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"一般来说,上早教越早越好,出生后42天就可以参加早教,但是一岁以内的宝宝理解不够,需要和父母一起学习,也就是亲子早教班。一岁半以上的孩子,可以根据自身的发展水平选择是否需要家长陪同。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"不同阶段的孩子有不同适合的早教课程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnock2iw0Y4OUgE3IVmxiMZd"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"背景介绍","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a5dd2f50cc75415583e113358fa11f06","width":650},"text":"","id":"doxcnWOuOackOMOwAW8eHzPWhBf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"上早教的好处","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaa24GMEQUMo0gJEYZSZnmf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"开发潜能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWOOOG2QyS6gCyWOhBEd6Vd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宝宝在家长和老师的陪同下多参加一些早教活动,对开掘宝宝的内在是有帮助的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneUgMg6scIiaugL1yQZywgg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如语言智能、肢体智能、音乐智能、逻辑智能等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmQYQAmOEq6KuqdIJ7L1V0p"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"每个孩子都有独特的性格和特点,有的比较活泼能适应环境变化,有的相对内敛比较小心谨慎。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAYO2sOS4a2gmuWMdivcNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过一些活动或游戏来帮助家长关注孩子的反应,既锻炼了孩子的能力也能让父母发现孩子的天性,从而在宝宝的成长中帮助宝宝发展,适应新的变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4YWkkwo6SEeKrfdG87e9A0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"塑造性格","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKWW4CSguCWAGuSvSgiKEzc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教另一个大的益处就是能培养宝宝开朗外向的性格,让宝宝走出小家庭,来到一个大家庭。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneQmOIqCSIKMygBxQ7EkzCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人际交流机会增多,可以增强宝宝的交往沟通能力,使得他们变得更加活泼、有信心,也更喜欢与他人交往。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosKO00m8QQ8KMhKpu1nhjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于一些内向的孩子帮助效果尤其明显,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"无论是以后进入幼儿园还是长大后自信心的建立,都有很多的益处","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna8oOym8SIeIW4NvkndVz1g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"增加情感","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQYeu2KqA4E6ao9TLosSqWd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在亲子互动的过程中,父母作为大朋友领导和配合着孩子的行为。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskMIAYuIK4moeSBGzuHxwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如父母和孩子一起进行亲子阅读,一起阅读故事书,可以建立亲子关系。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsMgaEkUMCyKWKMUN4kw1re"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还可以一起配合来进行角色扮演,这样也会增加孩子的自信心,角色扮演之后孩子会对整个故事记忆深刻,丰富了孩子的知识,寓教于乐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCcCkUWiGoQaYoHH0LCCRzg"},,"attrs":{"height":2333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"增加情感","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/921c4a3019664f34be74f87656ef395a","width":3500},"text":"","id":"doxcnm8UU2I2IUWoQg1LyMpyDXg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何挑选机构","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2USAeeOs08K8OY9XPTzaaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"家长在选择早教机构时,一定要多花时间,考虑距离、环境、师资和服务。直接的办法就是带宝宝去试听体验课。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOuuEm2G86yOgIfQwzoLWIf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬件、环境","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSM8w6UCEyeUAUj2Vv7ipjc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般早教环境设施都比较“高大上”,通常会有家长豪华休息室、咖啡机、电脑、娱乐区等等,但是孩子,尤其是婴幼儿,到底需要一个什么样的环境呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKyk6OKiokKomiUtpOEiajg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如是否有相对独立、安静、宽松的教室,是否有适宜的室内灯光和温度,是否配置相应教学设备和安全消防设施,视觉设计是否有童趣等等以及是否具备无毒可靠、数量充足、性能优越的一些特殊培训课程所需的教学(含实训)设施等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngSIUkUAMOmcQmOGJF5NsDb"},,"attrs":{"height":645,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"硬件、环境","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/aa5660f513f34fd2b9271d87a03bf935","width":786},"text":"","id":"doxcnw8Ma0IEwY6aWqqwZFOs6Fh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"课程体系特色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Yu4SCgYWueu2jN8jr5Fkg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"许多人认为早教班就只是在玩游戏,要知道这些游戏的设置是根据宝宝的年龄阶段和生长发育特定的,不仅仅是在玩,还在玩的过程中培养宝宝的技能,如何玩的更加有效和巧妙,引导宝宝健康成长。早教的课程一般有肢体训练、感官、数学、艺术和音乐等这些内容。不同的早教机构教学理念不同,因此课程设计上也略有不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnogEEKi64UWe646VUXRKrbe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"比如,早教中心的教材采用其他机构或市场销售的专家书籍,从一个侧面反映了该机构的研发能力和教学潜力如何,这样的机构的课程缺乏更新能力和市场追踪能力,不是上佳选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoYkcgAA4qcMwKaB9UBNdUd"},,"attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"课程体系特色","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ae3fafd0464f4b6faec5948133bb40d5","width":745},"text":"","id":"doxcnASUU0emOqYmQiYkBEDadlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"宝宝每个年龄段的能力发展是不同的,因此各阶段早教课程的侧重点也会有所不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSsUqgKssuEWKiZbsF2jJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"0-2.5岁的宝宝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQo2ig4m22UiEtHHlhCY7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点培养感知运动、音乐表达、社交等能力,也会培养宝宝手部精细动作、语言表达能力、注意力等能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ygoqe4iIKwgu63X7iloOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.5-3岁的宝宝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmUCE2ISWeUUso7izErTrSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"课程会侧重在宝宝情绪调试、习惯规则的遵守的能力,针对入园适应的相关问题,着重培养精细动作、语言表达、情绪调试、习惯规则等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMg6KqSSoa4uUuy1JLmQsJg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3-6岁的宝宝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAo6a608yYwKGC6gY4v8zug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"课程会针对科学认知、语言发展和人际交往,着重培养学习能力、语言能力、社会交往、行为习惯等能力发展,为幼升小做准备。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOSa42EM802uko9BeKAWpFf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因此,家长在选择早教中心的时候要考察课程设置是否科学分龄,每个阶段的课程侧重点应遵循儿童的能力发展有所不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngGWsAEmEwkYmaItEjtuwce"},,"attrs":{"height":791,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3-6岁的宝宝","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a70cb261990141a88625e13c67021c30","width":1190},"text":"","id":"doxcn0sEqEA6USGWcfYGWDluSsW"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"师资力量","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkI0A0mwySK46Gc2xieQZrc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"师资水平是选择早教中心时,学校软实力中最重要的衡量标准之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4UeWGG68mSWEgrr9Bq5Mfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先,教师应具备相应的从教资质。要看老师有没有进行过专业的培训,是如何培训获得资质的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8iI80CKMWUW0ScOIkob0ed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其次,教师应具备相应的知识储备。这不仅指教师应熟练掌握所教学科的知识内容,还包括会运用恰当的教育教学方法引导孩子如何去学习。所以一定要与老师多沟通交流,看老师的言谈举止、专业知识、课堂组织呈现能力等全面素质。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8Iewsyiw2eCsnA4npSEXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"再次,教师应该具备高度的责任心,遵循“有教无类”的原则,善于鼓励学生,发现他们各自的优点。建议家长可以与老师多沟通自己宝宝的发展情况,咨询一些育儿问题等,从而进行全面了解。家长在和老师接触时,只要提几个专业的问题或就自己孩子目前发展的特点进行交流,就会检验出老师的水平。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoECoYiSgeGi6wFkqqIN4Uh"},,"attrs":{"height":449,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"师资力量","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2f81905aee0b46fb849722d3151a82f6","width":799},"text":"","id":"doxcnQqaIyOkOiia4c168kZ4tzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"孩子兴趣","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6W2cIUAimwAoG800pbtfFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对孩子的早期教育一定要遵循适当的发展规律,不能根据大人的主观意愿来决定孩子应该学习哪些课程,这都是不正确的,而且还会起到相反的作用。总之,无论何时都要以孩子的感受和喜好为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnigqGskkQgmAEAbIYavllah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择早教机构时,要做好孩子的思想准备,很多时候,孩子都是对硬性的学习非常的抵触的,一旦没有做好铺垫,很可能就让孩子有了抵触的心理,产生了厌学情绪的话就更不好了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKumc8im24iCAcJ3VVhTjDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"家长们也要注意,一节体验课孩子表现的好坏,不足以证明这家机构对孩子的长远发展是好或者坏,只能说明孩子对新环境的适应能力是好或者坏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKso8wey0kAAK67MbO6Yhzb"},,"attrs":{"height":399,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"孩子兴趣","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c61d20ed916344a3a6066359419e1fb6","width":625},"text":"","id":"doxcnsoUOYI60eQYiMJyim0SpGf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"办学资质","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkEUeSoIK8WWSMxCTpN2rEf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择早教中心,千万不要被琳琅满目的广告给看花了眼睛,现今品牌效应、宣传轰炸充斥的当下环境,早教产品的广告数不胜数,家长在选择的时候一定要擦亮眼睛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6yU4UQQgciiaCuPLD8j2Uf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要看机构的工商、税务营业执照是否完善,是否有政府相关部门出具的培训资质,机构名称和办学实体是否相符。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGWsKqaQIEuMQk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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSMQiauK8SSWCWvoMsnEgW0"},,"attrs":{"height":677,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"办学资质","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3344e08948e14c59a83086c15863e4d1","width":950},"text":"","id":"doxcn2IsKSmSweu4yMTiYvpahKc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"距离","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SmCu0omQQWkCMqIk2LyJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"距离是一个很大的因素,因为太远的距离反而会因为路上耽误时间多久,有损身体健康,引起孩子的方案,同时也加重了家长负担。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmSOg0GK4QQQcuaj7yy1Sfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,早教中心是否有合格的办学许可证?早教中心建立的年数与口碑如何?是否出现过加盟商停业跑路的情况?这些综合要素都需要家长慎重把控。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW6Cqa4GouME20cLp1FN9Bb"},,"attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"距离","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/35b95fb32fd24dfa9dd1cf07f43200b1","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcn4aCyMAwWWu6aqqkDzQaBbg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收费合理","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEqumKwGGSQsc8DDDlbwLPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在了解学校环境、设备、师资、教学理念等情况的基础上,学校收费也是家长需要考虑的重要因素。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMkUes0cQ6wEaUx8Akiowog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"家长应仔细查看学校的收费项目、收费标准,了解收费是否经过备案、是否进行了公示、是否能开具有效票据等。在家庭经济承受范围之内,尽可能提供给孩子最优质的教育服务。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCUAGuMcAmMi6A7hkbgbO5f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6IMssg86M2A0gqRazPIyd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上早教课只是早教的一部分,更重要的是家长的陪伴。一岁半的宝宝,最好的教育方法是和他玩,做亲子游戏。在玩耍的过程中对宝宝进行语言教育,既让宝宝感觉到快乐,同时效果又较好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2cgUwEMeEoKUcRtg9BQvac"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngwIs6uguU8eaaSuZS5SCPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"早教课程:有趣的表情","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUgyOIskgIeS6oQ85Jonub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"课程目的:激发孩子的观察力,掌握模仿的本能","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2SWC804OKKyqErL5KapcGd"},,"attrs":{"height":431,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿训练","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/93de1a0d32144f96b0989cdc36ddd4bb","width":587},"text":"","id":"doxcneEmAYIKaYUesgJyTpO9Nrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"具体步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeWkeCOkIIAi0etxEdJnqg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、和孩子面对面坐好,对孩子做微笑的表情,同时对孩子说:“嘴角上翘是微笑,宝宝笑一个。”然后观察孩子的反应。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYMmmwsOWkS0QDO9RKRjXc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、准备一些有关微笑的图片,让孩子看一看,并告诉他:“瞧,大家都在笑,宝宝也笑一笑。”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSqe8iCOeSMqUyQXA2ngQ1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、用同样的方法教孩子认识其他表情,如淘气吐舌头、开心地大笑、难过地哭泣、生气等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYYkAccWOcigicTMeuVbPsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、拿一面镜子,和孩子一起坐在镜子前,对着镜子做表情,然后让孩子模仿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgSWiYUseUi0VAEXleeVNP"},,"attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"模仿训练","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a0122806fe7e4c4f8ab5b26fcc675889","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcncyKYsogkgU4IYPYdWpzMOh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这样的早教课堂,爸爸妈妈可以经常的陪孩子来做,可以激发孩子的模仿兴趣,并训练孩子面部肌肉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmE6YUM2o0S4wsVTAPcJqme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练动作能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ImccWeGYc48uoIgxfjQic"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学穿鞋袜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkyWmGCYCgsSuIRh57SZN7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"穿袜子:将袜口叠到袜跟、提住袜跟将脚伸进袜子至袜尖,足跟贴住袜跟,再将袜口提上来。这种穿法能使足跟与袜跟相符,穿得舒服。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUqoAYma4CoQGsd3JGK029e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"然后开始学穿鞋:大脚趾最长,在脚的里侧,把两只鞋尖的一侧对放在一起,让宝宝认出哪一只鞋应穿左脚、哪一只应穿右脚。反复练习后,宝宝就能熟练地自己穿上鞋袜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng24QUWmuSUmowx0I2hilsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"进一步练习宝宝的自理能力,使他产生自信,知道区别左右脚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMWyI8w4gqEcouuRq37tcHc"},,"attrs":{"height":635,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"1、学穿鞋袜","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e96955e99bc3407e9e0e3ec459de5c4f","width":1230},"text":"","id":"doxcneamAIuAiymUmApdJRRl8Oh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、倒水入瓶","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAMwwSYIcuAkICeR8XEw7gf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"找两个酸奶瓶,让宝宝把其中一个装满水然后倒入另一个瓶内,尽量不让水漏出。熟练之后,再让宝宝将小碗中的水倒入瓶内而不泼洒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngksQU4ySCMGWsh37BpCPtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过这个游戏,可锻炼宝宝的手眼协调能力,做精细的操作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn88gYwIaGUS2C83qKK7KBJg"},,"attrs":{"height":702,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、倒水入瓶","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f563d2335d7744f695ea2","width":452},"text":"","id":"doxcnuucKSgcEWk8Q4xfsMIezgh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、变高和变矮","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8GKOO4sOQ2IE6veKr30pff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"爸爸说“变高”,同宝宝一起踮起脚尖,伸直身体,举起双手,人变高了许多。爸爸再喊“变矮”,蹲下双脚,弯腰低头,双手抱住膝盖,身体变成一个球状。由快到慢,或由宝宝喊口令,爸爸和宝宝一起表演,或由宝宝单独表演。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngEIaWoyK0Wm8QxDuh3VCOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习伸展和屈曲身体,使关节和韧带得到锻炼,全身肌肉活动协调。这种身体活动的游戏最好穿插在一些静态的游戏中间,使宝宝动静结合,有利于健康。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnG6Wq6mmQcQ8a89xOil8SDh"},,"attrs":{"height":165,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3、变高和变矮","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0d48d8c86d554ee4a8d42ebf7151a4b0","width":220},"text":"","id":"doxcnOAusUEy6U6aks7zbHzU1kf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练言语能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2YUiqgs44ekOCWfqm460ch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"幼儿在1岁半后,言语发展会突飞猛进,他们不仅重复成人说的言语,而且想要自己说出周围东西的名称。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWiMYaowcsuQGxvl9OkSYC5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"语言来源于生活,家长应常带小儿到户外、公园去玩,鼓励他与人交往,并引导小儿仔细观察遇到的事物,告诉小儿他遇到事物的名称和特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM86oayWIKW8eCEr0O0d3Ab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"回家后,要他回忆在外面接触的人,看到的东西,并尽量帮他用较完整的话叙述出来。这样,不但丰富了他的语言词汇,而且巩固了记忆,增长了知识。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnweyEow0iss6qMHnLyP6IQg"},,"attrs":{"height":524,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"训练言语能力","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1dc82c45c9144d9eb541403af5581665","width":641},"text":"","id":"doxcnkeAm4wIuCM0MW4EjABTiYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"推荐游戏:猜声音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno2aiW64ymokaOyCP2MRbNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先把宝宝熟悉的人或物的声音一一录下来,如爸爸、妈妈或其他亲人的讲话声,汽车的喇叭声,狗的叫声等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2YKYoWE8aMwqUr7Y2UvPld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"游戏开始时,按动录音机,逐一播放给宝宝听。然后让宝宝说出听到的是什么声音。不要选择太相像的两种声音,以免宝宝答错后有挫败感。如果宝宝答对了,记得要称赞宝宝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOCKMy2GkskyY42V0fkl85e"},,"attrs":{"height":422,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"训练言语能力","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8895ce7299ac4936872d6329403520d5","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnMaK0YciQ4WsuOmJSnKJPDb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色辨别","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiS26Q4Giq0EcdVtj8ec2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一岁半的宝宝对颜色异常敏感,在玩耍的时候,可以加入一些颜色鲜艳的数字和字母,都能够有效增强宝宝的兴趣和印象。帮助宝宝认识颜色的几个游戏:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniMwc4YycCOMea0uXqF1bje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"游戏一:找找什么是红颜色的","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnim8KGAeeW6UQm62eMw5mqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这种游戏在任何环境中都可以玩,让孩子找红色的东西,找到了,就让他在手中摆弄一会儿,并说出名称。说对了,就赞扬他:说错了,要给他指出和说出来,这是“红皮球”,但别指责他笨。教孩子认识其他颜色也可用这种方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOAk8S6KKaM0GUlIoajTiJg"},,"attrs":{"height":800,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"颜色辨别","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3984c395b5e843c9961449faa70c7284","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcn6KQQE6sWsicq0Yc07bv56k"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"游戏二:取食物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGQi60e4gmU8USO18C5Kzyf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"妈妈买回很多菜、水果,可以有意识地让孩子帮忙从篮中取出,说出它的名称和颜色,同时可以告诉他这些东西吃了对健康的好处,这样不仅教会了孩子认识颜色,也增进了他对蔬菜、水果的好感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSOW2GmOWkUQ8QBDZBxaMHb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"游戏三:搭配颜色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcny6MmcqgwqAKKeIY1PdFind"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"取10~ 20只胶卷轴,外面裹贴一圈白纸。白纸上涂上各种颜色,每种颜色涂两只,组成两组不同颜色的胶卷轴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKu86iqoiwscKILwSAp07bf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"两组胶卷轴分别放在两个房间里,先让孩子辨认一组的颜色,之后妈妈指定一种颜色,让孩子到另一个房间里,把相同颜色的胶卷轴取来,一只一只地取,直到取完配好为止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaECSuCy6wAk4isJ2oM9Sqd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在开始阶段,颜色可以少一些,甚至只有红、黄、蓝三种,待孩子熟悉后,逐渐增加颜色种类。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUMIsqy2iaA6cFnHXaMJ4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练观察能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEmwYUuiC4iS0Xlm2PeuLqW"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"训练上下、里外、前后方位意识:如游戏时说:\\"球在椅子上、椅子下\\"、\\"球在箱子里、在箱子外面\\"等等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYIqYMWu4yiiWU7gKRsvEFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"辨别多少:如分糖果给家人,看看分的是否一样多,放桌上比比看谁多谁少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkymUkg0GaS4eK0D4Xylmle"},,"attrs":{"height":837,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"训练观察能力","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/478b9ee3cbf54c62aabbd88be7d08c8b","width":789},"text":"","id":"doxcnmKyEK8EYaOuQK5ltfhkvnb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"早教注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWKyWeqKyqOG4KwQaANlsEf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"充分的睡眠","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYaskcoaQMewmUVAGbQsZJe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"充足的睡眠是宝宝健康成长的必要条件,如果宝宝睡眠状况不好的话,会造成宝宝食欲不振,从而影响到脑部的发育,影响到智力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4SKCOMuIesiaobtBoDaCnd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一岁半儿童一天累计睡眠时间在14小时左右","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"白天2小时夜间12小时。当然也存在个体差异。 一岁半儿童睡眠时间不要超过16小时,但也不能短于9小时,因为充足睡眠,能保证儿童正常生理发育。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSww8ksyySwi4FJbCcAdsh"},,"attrs":{"height":2480,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"充分的睡眠","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/74daa660a24d4533b21f2273bbd60112","width":3507},"text":"","id":"doxcnI6wKYaomIqCyshMefec0ib"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意饮食","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWY0OEay6WoaQK6dDez9CLb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一岁半儿童的饮食要注意合理膳食,多食蔬菜、水果、蛋、肉、鱼,少食高脂肪、高糖、高胆固醇的食物。 对于一岁半的儿童,可以和大人一样,每天给他按时吃三餐,上午和下午各补充一次点心或水果。三餐以厚粥和软饭为主,要多吃蔬菜。菜和鱼肉、虾肉要剁碎,拌在饭里给孩子吃,最好经常换花样,这样孩子才爱吃。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4KYYqOuwIsEa8CNpgKEWd"},,"attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"注意饮食","id":""}],"url":"{{image_domain}}tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d9d5b14f9a714020bd5fdb4db4e51024","width":707},"text":"","id":"doxcnWkIMCiYaUAs0gJCReCgHge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果儿童喜欢,可以让他坐得和大人一样高,给儿童一个碗,一个勺,让他在接受喂饭的同时可以自己也吃,千万别怕他会弄得到处都是。这个时候可以让儿童学着自己吃饭,如果他成功地把饭送到嘴里,他会很高兴的,这会激起他自己动手的更大欲望。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnC6K02i0sESUUUtK0iCLq6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"千万不要追着连哄带骗地给儿童喂饭,其实如果儿童不想吃,父母可以把食物拿开,而不是逼着他吃。过量的食物很可能让儿童没有胃口,父母逼着他吃会让儿童慢慢讨厌食物的,也可以把食物做成小份的,一份吃完后再给一份,这样不会让儿童看见一大碗增加了儿童吃饭的压力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaSCo4qmkWUuyCK62066BAb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"心态平和","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ8E2oCESeCAKVwEhZITHD4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"各位爸爸妈妈可以在平时的日常生活中对宝宝进行教育,父母在早教的过程中要放松心态,千万别操之过急。家长们在给宝宝早教时一定要注意,不要把目标定得太高或者有盼望宝宝成为“神童”的心理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwo0U86c2awwSYtJyqEOk2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有些父母不顾婴幼儿心理发展的特点,硬性地给孩子规定学习任务,让婴幼儿像学生那样坐下来学习,剥夺了他们玩耍的时间,这对孩子的身心健康很不利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaUAA02WGqwYugfNjYndrSf"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

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